PPL/SQL (Procedural Language/Structured Query Language) is Oracle Corporation's procedural language extension for SQL and the Oracle relational database. PL/SQL is available in Oracle Database (since version 7), TimesTen in-memory database (since version 11.2.1), and IBM DB2 (since version 9.7).[1] Oracle Corporation usually extends PL/SQL functionality with each successive release of the Oracle Database.

PL/SQL includes procedural language elements such as conditions and loops. You can declare constants and variables, procedures and functions, types and variables of those types, and triggers. You can handle exceptions (runtime errors). Arrays are supported involving the use of PL/SQL collections. Implementations from version 8 of Oracle Database onwards have included features associated with object-orientation. You can create PL/SQL units—procedures, functions, packages, types, and triggers —that are stored in the database for reuse by applications that use any of the Oracle Database programmatic interfaces.

COURSE CONTENT:

SQL

• The Oracle database environment
• Reviewing basic architecture concepts, Oracle 10g Architecture,Main features of 9i and 10g

Basic SELECT Statement

• Writing the statement in sqlplus, Running the SELECT statement

Ordering the output

• Single Column, Descending order, Multiple column sort

Conditional retrieval of data

• Working with complex conditions, AND OR NOT LIKE BETWEEN

Pseudo columns and functions

• Pseudo Columns, Rownum, Sysdate, User & UID, the Dual Table

Working with character functions

• UPPER, LOWER, INITCAP, RPAD(), TRIM(), SUBSTR(), INSTR(), TRANSLATE(), REPLACE(), GREATEST(), LEAST(),

Working with date functions

• TO_CHAR(), TO_DATE(), MONTHS_BETWEEN(), ADD_MONTHS(), LAST_DAY(), NEXT_DAY()

Using non-character function

• ROUND(), TRUNC(), SIGN(), Working with multiple tables,
• Different type of Joins, Writing Outer Joins

Using the SET operators

• Union, Intersect, Minus

Aggregating data using group functions

• GROUP BY, HAVING

Creating Subqueries

• Single Row subqueries, Multiple row Subqueries

Enhancing groups function

• ROLLUP, CUBE

Transaction Control Language

• Rollback, Commit, Savepoint

Processing hierarchies

• Creating the Tree structure, LEVEL, CONNECT BY

Data Manipulation Language

• INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE

Data Definition Language

• CREATE, TRUNCATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, DESCRIBE

Using Declarative Constraints

• Not Null Constraint, Check Constraint, Unique Constraint, Primary Key Constraint, References Constraint, On Delete Cascade, On Delete Set Null

Other Database Objects

• Views, Sequences, Synonyms, Indexes
• USER_TABLES, USER_TAB_COLUMNS, USER_OBJECTS

Database Security

• Object Privileges, Granting access to objects

PL -SQL

Blocks

• Structure, Writing Anoyomous Blocks

Variables

• Oracle Datatypes, TYPE and ROWTYPE declarations, Value assignments

Control structures

• IF ELSE ENDIF statement, IF ELSIF ELSE ENDIF statement, LOOP END , LOOP statement, WHILE condition, FOR condition

Cursors

• Implicit and Explicit Cursors, Cursor Manipulation statements, OPEN FETCH CLOSE EXIT WHEN

Error Handling

• Predefined Exceptions, Non-Predefined Excecptions, User Defined Exceptions

Procedures

• Creating and Calling Procedures

Functions

• Creating and Calling Functions

Packages

• Package Header, Package Body

Design Tips and Techniques

• Format of standard packages in an application, Spec and Body, NOCOPY hint theory

Triggers

• Database triggers, CALLing procedures from triggers

Dynamic SQL

• EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, DBMS_SQL package

Oracle Supplied packages

• DBMS_OUTPUT, UTL_FILE

Collection datatypes

• Associative Arrays, Nested tables, VARRAYs